pytest是一个非常成熟的全功能的Python测试框架，主要有以下几个特点：
- 简单灵活，容易上手
- 支持参数化
- 能够支持简单的单元测试和复杂的功能测试，还可以用来做selenium/appnium等自动化测试、接口自动化测试(pytest+requests)
- pytest具有很多第三方插件，并且可以自定义扩展，比较好用的如pytest-selenium(集成selenium)、pytest-html(完美html测试报告生成)、pytest-rerunfailures(失败case重复执行)、pytest-xdist(多CPU分发)等
- 测试用例的skip和xfail处理
- 可以很好的和jenkins集成
- report框架----allure 也支持了pytest
- 安装
- pip install -U pytest
2.查看版本
pytest --version
3.用例编写规范
-
- 测试文件以test_开头(以 _test结尾也可以)
- 测试类以Test开头，并且不能带init方法
- 测试函数以test_开头
- 断言使用基本的assert即可
运行参数
- 无参数
- 读取路径下符合条件的所有类、函数、方法全部执行
- -v
- 打印详细运行日志
- -s
- 打印print输出
- -k
- 跳过运行某个或某些用例
- pytest -k '类名'
- pytest -k '方法名
- pytest -k '类名 and not 方法名' #运行类里所有方法，不包含某个方法
- -x
- 遇到用例失败立即停止运行
- --maxfail
- 用例失败数达到某个设定的值停止运行
- pytest --maxfail=[num]
- -m
- 运行所有@pytest.mark.[标记名] 标记的用例
框架结构
与unittest类似，执行前后会执行setup,teardown来增加用例的前置和后置条件。pytest框架使用setup,teardown更为灵活，按照用例运行级别可以分为以下几类
- setup_module/teardown_module 模块级别，在模块始末调用
- setup_function/teardown_function 函数级别，在函数始末调用(在类外部)
- setup_class/teardown_class 类级别，每个类里面执行前后分别执行
- setup_method/teardown_method 方法级别，在方法始末调用(在类中)
- setup/teardown 方法级别，在方法始末调用(在类中)
调用顺序：setup_module > setup_class >setup_method > setup > teardown > teardown_method > teardown_class > teardown_module
for example：
#!/usr/bin/env python # encoding: utf-8 '''@Auther:chenshifeng@version: v1.0@file: test_calc.py@time: 2020/9/14 9:39 PM'''# 测试文件import sys, osimport pytestsys.path.append(os.pardir)from pythoncode.calc import Calculator# 模块级别，在模块始末调用def setup_module(): print('模块级别setup')def teardown_module(): print('模块级别teardown')# 函数级别，在函数始末调用(在类外部)def setup_function(): print('函数级别setup')def teardown_function(): print('函数级别teardown')def test_case1(): print('testcase1')class TestCalc: # setup_class,teardown_class 类级别每个类里面执行前后分别执行 def setup_class(self): self.cal = Calculator() print('类级别setup') def teardown_class(self): print('类级别teardown') # 方法级别，每个方法里面的测试用例前后分别执行setup、teardown def setup(self): # self.cal = Calculator() print('setup') def teardown(self): print('teardown') # 方法级别，每个方法里面的测试用例前后分别执行setup、teardown def setup_method(self): # self.cal = Calculator() print('方法级别setup') def teardown_method(self): print('方法级别teardown') @pytest.mark.add def test_add1(self): # cal = Calculator() assert 3 == self.cal.add(1, 2) @pytest.mark.div def test_div(self): # cal = Calculator() assert 1 == self.cal.div(1, 1) 运行结果如下
Testing started at 11:05 下午 .../usr/local/bin/python3.6 "/Applications/PyCharm CE.app/Contents/plugins/python-ce/helpers/pycharm/_jb_pytest_runner.py" --path /Users/chenshifeng/MyCode/PythonCode/SFDSZL/test_pytest/testcode/test_calc.pyLaunching pytest with arguments /Users/chenshifeng/MyCode/PythonCode/SFDSZL/test_pytest/testcode/test_calc.py in /Users/chenshifeng/MyCode/PythonCode/SFDSZL/test_pytest/testcode============================= test session starts ==============================platform darwin -- Python 3.6.4, pytest-6.0.2, py-1.9.0, pluggy-0.13.1 -- /usr/local/bin/python3.6cachedir: .pytest_cacherootdir: /Users/chenshifeng/MyCode/PythonCode/SFDSZL/test_pytest, configfile: pytest.inicollecting ... collected 3 itemstest_calc.py::test_case1 模块级别setup函数级别setupPASSED [ 33%]testcase1函数级别teardowntest_calc.py::TestCalc::test_add1 类级别setup方法级别setupsetupPASSED [ 66%]teardown方法级别teardowntest_calc.py::TestCalc::test_div 方法级别setupsetupPASSED [100%]teardown方法级别teardown类级别teardown模块级别teardown============================== 3 passed in 0.02s ===============================Process finished with exit code 0
pytest参数化
Pytest是使用@pytest.mark.parametrize装饰器来实现数据驱动测试的
for example：
import pytest@pytest.mark.parametrize('a,b,result', [ (1, 1, 2), (2, 3, 5), (100, 200, 300)])def test_add(a, b, result): cal = Calculator() assert cal.add(a, b) == result 结果：
Testing started at 11:22 ..."D:\Program Files\Python\python.exe" "D:\Program Files\JetBrains\PyCharm Community Edition 2020.2.1\plugins\python-ce\helpers\pycharm\_jb_pytest_runner.py" --target test_calc.py::test_addLaunching pytest with arguments test_calc.py::test_add in D:\chenshifeng\mycode\Python\test_pytest\testing============================= test session starts =============================platform win32 -- Python 3.7.4, pytest-6.0.2, py-1.9.0, pluggy-0.13.1 -- D:\Program Files\Python\python.execachedir: .pytest_cacherootdir: D:\chenshifeng\mycode\Python, configfile: pytest.inicollecting ... collected 3 itemstest_calc.py::test_add[1-1-2] PASSED [ 33%]test_calc.py::test_add[2-3-5] PASSED [ 66%]test_calc.py::test_add[100-200-300] PASSED [100%]============================== 3 passed in 0.03s ==============================Process finished with exit code 0
修改结果显示名称
通过上面的运行结果，我们可以看到，为了区分参数化的运行结果，在结果中都会显示数据组合而成的名称。
数据短小还好说，如果数据比较长而复杂的话，那么就会很难看。
@pytest.mark.parametrize() 还提供了第三个 ids 参数来自定义显示结果。
import pytest# 参数化@pytest.mark.parametrize('a,b,result', [ (1, 1, 2), (2, 3, 5), (100, 200, 300)], ids=['int0', 'int1', 'int2']) # 修改结果显示名称def test_add(a, b, result): cal = Calculator() assert cal.add(a, b) == result 结果：
============================= test session starts =============================platform win32 -- Python 3.7.4, pytest-6.0.2, py-1.9.0, pluggy-0.13.1 -- D:\Program Files\Python\python.execachedir: .pytest_cacherootdir: D:\chenshifeng\mycode\Python, configfile: pytest.inicollecting ... collected 3 itemstest_calc.py::test_add[int0] PASSED [ 33%]test_calc.py::test_add[int1] PASSED [ 66%]test_calc.py::test_add[int2] PASSED [100%]============================== 3 passed in 0.03s ==============================Process finished with exit code 0
pytest fixtures
fixture用途
pytest fixture 与setup,teardown功能一样，但比之更加灵活，完全可以代替setup,teardown
1.做测试前后的初始化设置，如测试数据准备，链接数据库，打开浏览器等这些操作都可以使用fixture来实现
2.测试用例的前置条件可以使用fixture实现
3.支持经典的xunit fixture ，像unittest使用的setup和teardown
4.fixture可以实现unittest不能实现的功能，比如unittest中的测试用例和测试用例之间是无法传递参数和数据的，但是fixture却可以解决这个问题
fixture定义
fixture通过@pytest.fixture()装饰器装饰一个函数，那么这个函数就是一个fixture
#!/usr/bin/python# -*- coding: UTF-8 -*-"""@author:chenshifeng@file:test_login.py@time:2020/09/15"""import pytest@pytest.fixture()def login(): print('登陆方法') yield #激活fixture teardown方法 print('teardown')# 测试用例之前，先执行login方法def test_case1(login): print('case1')def test_case2(): print('case2')def test_case3(): print('case3') 运行结果如下：
test_login.py::test_case2 test_login.py::test_case3 ============================== 3 passed in 0.02s ===============================Process finished with exit code 0登陆方法PASSED [ 33%]case1teardownPASSED [ 66%]case2PASSED [100%]case3
fixture作用范围(scope)
fixture里面有个scope参数可以控制fixture的作用范围:session > module > class > function - function 每一个函数或方法都会调用,默认为function - class 每一个类调用一次，一个类可以有多个方法 - module，每一个.py文件调用一次，该文件内又有多个function和class - session 是多个文件调用一次，可以跨.py文件调用，每个.py文件就是module
- cope='function'
#!/usr/bin/python# -*- coding: UTF-8 -*-"""@author:chenshifeng@file:test_login.py@time:2020/09/15"""import pytest@pytest.fixture() #默认为scope='function'def login(): print('登陆方法') yield ['username','passwd'] #激活fixture teardown方法 print('teardown')# 测试用例之前，先执行login方法def test_case1(login): print(f'case1 login={login}')def test_case2(login): print('case2')def test_case3(login): print('case3') 运行结果如下：
Testing started at 12:02 上午 .../usr/local/bin/python3.6 "/Applications/PyCharm CE.app/Contents/plugins/python-ce/helpers/pycharm/_jb_pytest_runner.py" --path /Users/chenshifeng/MyCode/PythonCode/SFDSZL/test_pytest/testcode/test_login.pyLaunching pytest with arguments /Users/chenshifeng/MyCode/PythonCode/SFDSZL/test_pytest/testcode/test_login.py in /Users/chenshifeng/MyCode/PythonCode/SFDSZL/test_pytest/testcode============================= test session starts ==============================platform darwin -- Python 3.6.4, pytest-6.0.2, py-1.9.0, pluggy-0.13.1 -- /usr/local/bin/python3.6cachedir: .pytest_cacherootdir: /Users/chenshifeng/MyCode/PythonCode/SFDSZL/test_pytest, configfile: pytest.inicollecting ... collected 3 itemstest_login.py::test_case1 test_login.py::test_case2 test_login.py::test_case3 ============================== 3 passed in 0.02s ===============================Process finished with exit code 0登陆方法PASSED [ 33%]case1 login=['username', 'passwd']teardown登陆方法PASSED [ 66%]case2teardown登陆方法PASSED [100%]case3teardown
- scope='module'
#!/usr/bin/python# -*- coding: UTF-8 -*-"""@author:chenshifeng@file:test_login.py@time:2020/09/15"""import pytest@pytest.fixture(scope='module') #默认为scope='function'def login(): print('登陆方法') yield ['username','passwd'] #激活fixture teardown方法 print('teardown')# 测试用例之前，先执行login方法def test_case1(login): print(f'case1 login={login}')def test_case2(login): print('case2')def test_case3(login): print('case3') 结果：
Testing started at 12:08 上午 .../usr/local/bin/python3.6 "/Applications/PyCharm CE.app/Contents/plugins/python-ce/helpers/pycharm/_jb_pytest_runner.py" --path /Users/chenshifeng/MyCode/PythonCode/SFDSZL/test_pytest/testcode/test_login.pyLaunching pytest with arguments /Users/chenshifeng/MyCode/PythonCode/SFDSZL/test_pytest/testcode/test_login.py in /Users/chenshifeng/MyCode/PythonCode/SFDSZL/test_pytest/testcode============================= test session starts ==============================platform darwin -- Python 3.6.4, pytest-6.0.2, py-1.9.0, pluggy-0.13.1 -- /usr/local/bin/python3.6cachedir: .pytest_cacherootdir: /Users/chenshifeng/MyCode/PythonCode/SFDSZL/test_pytest, configfile: pytest.inicollecting ... collected 3 itemstest_login.py::test_case1 test_login.py::test_case2 test_login.py::test_case3 ============================== 3 passed in 0.02s ===============================Process finished with exit code 0登陆方法PASSED [ 33%]case1 login=['username', 'passwd']PASSED [ 66%]case2PASSED [100%]case3teardown
fixture自动调用(autouse=True)
autouse设置为True，自动调用fixture功能，无需额外继承
#!/usr/bin/python# -*- coding: UTF-8 -*-"""@author:chenshifeng@file:test_search.py@time:2020/09/16"""import pytest@pytest.fixture(autouse=True) # 默认为scope='function'def login(): print('登陆方法') yield ['username', 'passwd'] # 激活fixture teardown方法 print('teardown') def test_search1(): #无需继承login print('搜索用例1')def test_search2(): print('搜索用例2') 结果：
============================= test session starts ==============================platform darwin -- Python 3.6.4, pytest-6.0.2, py-1.9.0, pluggy-0.13.1 -- /usr/local/bin/python3.6cachedir: .pytest_cacherootdir: /Users/chenshifeng/MyCode/PythonCode/SFDSZL/test_pytest, configfile: pytest.inicollecting ... collected 2 itemstest_search.py::test_search1 登陆方法PASSED [ 50%]搜索用例1teardowntest_search.py::test_search2 登陆方法PASSED [100%]搜索用例2teardown============================== 2 passed in 0.01s ===============================Process finished with exit code 0
fixture参数化(params)
@pytest.fixture有一个params参数，接受一个列表，列表中每个数据都可以作为用例的输入。也就说有多少数据，就会形成多少用例。可以通过'''request.param'''来获取该次调用的参数
#!/usr/bin/python# -*- coding: UTF-8 -*-"""@author:chenshifeng@file:test_login.py@time:2020/09/15"""import pytest@pytest.fixture(params=['user1', 'user2', 'user3'])def login(request): print('登陆方法') print('传入的参数为：'+request.param) # 获取params参数 yield ['username', 'passwd'] # 激活fixture teardown方法 print('teardown')# 测试用例之前，先执行login方法def test_case1(login): print(f'case1 login={login}')def test_case2(login): print('case2')def test_case3(login): print('case3') 结果：
============================= test session starts ==============================platform darwin -- Python 3.6.4, pytest-6.0.2, py-1.9.0, pluggy-0.13.1 -- /usr/local/bin/python3.6cachedir: .pytest_cacherootdir: /Users/chenshifeng/MyCode/PythonCode/SFDSZL/test_pytest, configfile: pytest.inicollecting ... collected 9 itemstest_login.py::test_case1[user1] test_login.py::test_case1[user2] test_login.py::test_case1[user3] test_login.py::test_case2[user1] test_login.py::test_case2[user2] test_login.py::test_case2[user3] test_login.py::test_case3[user1] 登陆方法传入的参数为：user1PASSED [ 11%]case1 login=['username', 'passwd']teardown登陆方法传入的参数为：user2PASSED [ 22%]case1 login=['username', 'passwd']teardown登陆方法传入的参数为：user3PASSED [ 33%]case1 login=['username', 'passwd']teardown登陆方法传入的参数为：user1PASSED [ 44%]case2teardown登陆方法传入的参数为：user2PASSED [ 55%]case2teardown登陆方法传入的参数为：user3PASSED [ 66%]case2teardown登陆方法传入的参数为：user1PASSED [ 77%]case3teardowntest_login.py::test_case3[user2] 登陆方法传入的参数为：user2PASSED [ 88%]case3teardowntest_login.py::test_case3[user3] 登陆方法传入的参数为：user3PASSED [100%]case3teardown============================== 9 passed in 0.06s ===============================Process finished with exit code 0
参数化与fixture结合(indirect=True)
#!/usr/bin/python# -*- coding: UTF-8 -*-"""@author:chenshifeng@file:test_cart.py@time:2020/09/16"""import pytest@pytest.fixture(params=['user1', 'user2', 'user3'])def login(request): print('登陆方法') print('传入的参数为：' + str(request.param)) # 获取params参数 yield ['username', 'passwd'] # 激活fixture teardown方法 print('teardown')# 参数化结合fixture使用# 情况一：传入值和数据# 情况二：传入一个fixture方法,将数据传入到fixture方法中，fixture使用request参数来接受这组数据，在方法体中使用request.param来接受这个数据@pytest.mark.parametrize('login', [ ('username1', 'passwd1'), ('username2', 'passwd2')], indirect=True)def test_cart3(login): print('购物车用例3') 结果：
============================= test session starts ==============================platform darwin -- Python 3.6.4, pytest-6.0.2, py-1.9.0, pluggy-0.13.1 -- /usr/local/bin/python3.6cachedir: .pytest_cacherootdir: /Users/chenshifeng/MyCode/PythonCode/SFDSZL/test_pytest, configfile: pytest.inicollecting ... collected 2 itemstest_cart.py::test_cart3[login0] test_cart.py::test_cart3[login1] ============================== 2 passed in 0.02s ===============================Process finished with exit code 0登陆方法传入的参数为：('username1', 'passwd1')PASSED [ 50%]购物车用例3teardown登陆方法传入的参数为：('username2', 'passwd2')PASSED [100%]购物车用例3teardown conftest.py
1.conftest.py文件名字是固定的，不可以做任何修改
2.文件和用例文件在同一个目录下，那么conftest.py作用于整个目录
3.conftest.py文件不能被其他文件导入
4.所有同目录测试文件运行前都会执行conftest.py文件
#!/usr/bin/python# -*- coding: UTF-8 -*-"""@author:chenshifeng@file:conftest.py@time:2020/09/15"""import pytest@pytest.fixture(params=['user1', 'user2', 'user3'])def login(request): print('登陆方法') print('传入的参数为：'+str(request.param)) # 获取params参数 yield ['username', 'passwd'] # 激活fixture teardown方法 print('teardown') #!/usr/bin/python# -*- coding: UTF-8 -*-"""@author:chenshifeng@file:test_login.py@time:2020/09/15"""# 测试用例之前，先执行login方法import pytestdef test_case1(login): print(f'case1 login={login}')@pytest.mark.usefixtures('login')def test_case2(): print('case2') # print(f'case1 login={login}') #该方法无法获取返回值def test_case3(login): print('case3') 运行test_login.py文件，结果如下
============================= test session starts ==============================platform darwin -- Python 3.9.0, pytest-6.1.1, py-1.9.0, pluggy-0.13.1 -- /usr/local/bin/python3.9cachedir: .pytest_cacherootdir: /Users/chenshifeng/MyCode/PythonCode/SFDSZL/test_pytest, configfile: pytest.iniplugins: allure-pytest-2.8.18collecting ... collected 9 itemstest_login.py::test_case1[user1] test_login.py::test_case1[user2] test_login.py::test_case1[user3] test_login.py::test_case2[user1] test_login.py::test_case2[user2] test_login.py::test_case2[user3] test_login.py::test_case3[user1] 登陆方法传入的参数为：user1PASSED [ 11%]case1 login=['username', 'passwd']teardown登陆方法传入的参数为：user2PASSED [ 22%]case1 login=['username', 'passwd']teardown登陆方法传入的参数为：user3PASSED [ 33%]case1 login=['username', 'passwd']teardown登陆方法传入的参数为：user1PASSED [ 44%]case2teardown登陆方法传入的参数为：user2PASSED [ 55%]case2teardown登陆方法传入的参数为：user3PASSED [ 66%]case2teardown登陆方法传入的参数为：user1PASSED [ 77%]case3teardowntest_login.py::test_case3[user2] 登陆方法传入的参数为：user2PASSED [ 88%]case3teardowntest_login.py::test_case3[user3] 登陆方法传入的参数为：user3PASSED [100%]case3teardown============================== 9 passed in 0.04s ===============================Process finished with exit code 0
end